Experimental Demonstration and Performance Enhancement of 5G NR Multiband Radio over Fiber System Using Optimized Digital Predistortion

This paper presents an experimental realization of multiband 5G new radio (NR) optical front haul (OFH) based radio over fiber (RoF) system using digital predistortion (DPD). A novel magnitude-selective affine (MSA) based DPD method is proposed for the complexity reduction and performance enhancement of RoF link followed by its comparison with the canonical piece wise linearization (CPWL), decomposed vector rotation method (DVR) and generalized memory polynomial (GMP) methods. Similarly, a detailed study is shown followed by the implementation proposal of novel neural network (NN) for DPD followed by its comparison with MSA, CPWL, DVR and GMP methods. In the experimental testbed, 5G NR standard at 20 GHz with 50 MHz bandwidth and flexible-waveform signal at 3 GHz with 20 MHz bandwidth is used to cover enhanced mobile broad band and small cells scenarios. A dual drive Mach Zehnder Modulator having two distinct radio frequency signals modulates a 1310 nm optical carrier using distributed feedback laser for 22 km of standard single mode fiber. The experimental results are presented in terms of adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR), error vector magnitude (EVM), number of estimated coefficients and multiplications. The study aims to identify those novel methods such as MSA DPD are a good candidate to deploy in real time scenarios for DPD in comparison to NN based DPD which have a slightly better performance as compared to the proposed MSA method but has a higher complexity levels. Both, proposed methods, MSA and NN are meeting the 3GPP Release 17 requirements

Indoor Positioning Trends in 5G-Advanced: Challenges and Solution towards Centimeter-level Accuracy

After robust connectivity, precise positioning is evolving into an innovative component of 5G service offerings for industrial use-cases and verticals with challenging indoor radio environments. In this direction, the 3GPP Rel-16 standard has been a tipping point in specifying critical innovations, followed by enhancements in Rel-17+. In this article, we follow this path to elaborate on the 5G positioning framework, measurements, and methods before shifting the focus to carrier-phase (CP) measurements as a complementary measure for time- and angular-based positioning methods toward achieving centimeter-level accuracy. As this path is not without challenges, we discuss these and outline potential solutions. As an example of solutions, we study how phase-continuous reference signaling can counter noisy phase measurements using realistic simulations in an indoor factory (InF) scenario.Comment: 5 figures, 1 table, under review for possible publication in IEEE Communications Magazin

Modified multi-verse optimizer for nonlinear system identification of a double pendulum overhead crane

This paper presents the identification of double pendulum overhead crane (DPOC) plant based on the hybrid Multi-Verse Optimizer with Sine Cosine Algorithm (HMVOSCA) using the continuous-time Hammerstein model. In the HMVOSCA algorithm, the new position updating mechanism of the traditional MVO method is modified based on the sine function and cosine function which is taken from the Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA). Moreover, an average position is chosen by computing the mean between the current position and the current best position obtained so far. These modifications are mainly for balancing exploration and exploitation and escaping from local optima and expected better identification accuracy of the DPOC plant. In the Hammerstein model identification, a continuous-time linear subsystem is used, which is more suitable for representing any real plant. The HMVOSCA algorithm is used to tune the linear and nonlinear parameters to reduce the gap between the estimated results and the actual results. The efficiency of the proposed HMVOSCA algorithm is evaluated using the convergence curve, parameter estimation error, bode plot, function plot, and Wilcoxon's test method. The experimental findings illustrate that the HMVOSCA algorithm can identify a Hammerstein model that generates an estimated output like the actual DPOC system output. Moreover, the identified results also show that the HMVOSCA algorithm outperforms other existing metaheuristics algorithms

Modified multi verse optimizer for solving optimization problems using benchmark functions

The hybrid version of multi-verse optimizer (MVO) namely the modified multi-verse optimizer (mMVO) is developed in this paper by modifying the position updating equation of MVO. Here two modification is proposed in the standard MVO. Firstly, an average position selection mechanism is proposed for solving the local optima problem and secondly, the MVO algorithm is hybrid with another metaheuristics algorithm namely the Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA) for better balancing the exploration and exploitation of standard MVO algorithm so that it can improve its searching capability. The proposed version of MVO has been evaluated on 23 well known benchmark functions namely unimodal, multimodal and fixed-dimension multimodal benchmark functions and the results are then verified with the standard MVO algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed mMVO algorithm gives much better improvement than the standard MVO in the optimization problems in the sense of preventing local optima and increasing the search capability

Metaheuristics algorithms to identify nonlinear Hammerstein model: A decade survey

Metaheuristics have been acknowledged as an effective solution for many difficult issues related to optimization. The metaheuristics, especially swarm’s intelligence and evolutionary computing algorithms, have gained popularity within a short time over the past two decades. Various metaheuristics algorithms are being introduced on an annual basis and applications that are more new are gradually being discovered. This paper presents a survey for the years 2011-2021 on multiple metaheuristics algorithms, particularly swarm and evolutionary algorithms, to identify a nonlinear block-oriented model called the Hammerstein model, mainly because such model has garnered much interest amidst researchers to identify nonlinear systems. Besides introducing a complete survey on the various population-based algorithms to identify the Hammerstein model, this paper also investigated some empirically verified actual process plants results. As such, this article serves as a guideline on the fundamentals of identifying nonlinear block-oriented models for new practitioners, apart from presenting a comprehensive summary of cutting-edge trends within the context of this topic area

Studies on tracheorelaxant and anti-inflammatory activities of rhizomes of polygonatum verticillatum

Background: The present study describes the tracheorelaxant and anti-inflammatory effects of Polygonatum verticillatum which may support its medicinal use in hyperactive airway complaints and inflammatory disorders.Methods: The tracheorelaxant activity of crude extract of the rhizomes of P. verticillatum (PR) was assessed in isolated guinea-pig tracheal tissues immersed in tissue organ bath filled with Tyrode\u27s solution and a continuous supply of carbogen gas (95% O2 and 5% CO2). The contractile and relaxant responses of the tissue were measured using isometric transducers coupled with Power-Lab data acquisition system. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, while the lipoxygenase inhibitory activity was performed in the in-vitro assay. Various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were used for the isolation and characterization of pure molecules.Results: In isolated guinea-pig tracheal preparations, PR caused complete inhibition of the high K+ (80 mM) and carbachol-induced contractions however, it was more potent against K+ than CCh, similar to verapamil. Pretreatment of the tissue with PR, displaced the Ca2+ concentration-response curves to the right, similar to that induced by verapamil, indicating the presence of Ca2+ channel blocking like activity. When tested on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, PR demonstrated a marked reduction in edema with 65.22% protection at 200 mg/kg, similar to aspirin. In the in-vitro assay, PR showed lipoxygenase inhibitory activity (IC50: 102 ± 0.19 μg/mL), similar to baicalein. Bioactivity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and β-sitosterol.Conclusions: These results indicate that the plant possesses tracheorelaxant, mediated possibly through a Ca2+ channel blockade mechanism, and anti-inflammatory activities, which may explain the medicinal use of this plant in airway disorders and inflammation

Nanophotonics: Fundamentals, Challenges, Future Prospects and Applied Applications

Nanophotonics encompasses a wide range of nontrivial physical effects including light-matter interactions that are well beyond diffraction limits, and have opened up new avenues for a variety of applications in light harvesting, sensing, luminescence, optical switching, and media transmitting technologies. Recently, growing expertise of fusing nanotechnology and photonics has become fundamental, arising outskirts, challenging basic experimentation and opportunities for new technologies in our daily lives, and played a central role in many optical systems. It entails the theoretical study of photon’s interactions with matter at incredibly small scales, known as nanostructures, in order to prepare nanometer scale devices and accessories for processing, development, slowing down, influencing, and/or regulating photons through comprehending their behavior while interacting with or otherwise traveling via matter. This multidisciplinary field has also made an impact on industry, allowing researchers to explore new horizons in design, applied science, physical science, chemistry, materials science, and biomedical technologies. The foundations, nano-confinements, quantum manifestations, nanoscale interactions, numerical methods, and peculiarities of nonlinear optical phenomena in nano-photonics as well as projected nano-photonics consumption’s in our cutting-edge world, will be covered in this chapter